Industrial innovation happens where resources align, but resources aren't necessarily immediately at hand. Coal, iron ore, limestone came together at Ironbridge through transportation and concentration. In Malvern, the critical resource was technical expertise—brain power concentrated in one location during WWII when radar facilities relocated from vulnerable coastal areas. Physical resources could be transported, but specialized knowledge had to be assembled. The right combination of available resources, strategic location, infrastructure, and human expertise creates centers of innovation that persist because knowledge concentration becomes self-reinforcing.